MICROBIAL VALORIZATION OF AGRO-WASTE INTO BIOPLASTICS AND BIOFUELS: A SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP MODEL

Abstract

The global surge in agricultural production generates vast amounts of agro-waste, which poses environmental and economic challenges when improperly managed. Microbial valorization, a biotechnology-driven approach, offers a sustainable solution by converting agro-waste into high-value products such as bioplastics and biofuels. This paper explores the potential of microbial systems including a broader range of bacteria, fungi, and yeast in transforming agro-residues into eco-friendly alternatives that align with circular economy principles. Bioplastics, particularly polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and microbial-based biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas are highlighted as viable outputs of agro-waste valorization. Beyond the scientific and technological dimensions, this paper emphasizes the entrepreneurship model that integrates microbial biotechnology with agro-industrial practices, creating opportunities for sustainable businesses, especially in developing nations. The model underscores youth empowerment, rural employment, and climate change mitigation. Case studies from Africa, Asia, and Europe illustrate successful microbial valorization enterprises, while challenges such as scalability, cost, and regulatory frameworks are critically assessed. The study concludes that microbial valorization of agro-waste into bioplastics and biofuels can serve as a sustainable entrepreneurship model, fostering innovation, environmental stewardship, and socioeconomic resilience.