PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

Abstract:                  
Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common and debilitating mental health condition affecting mothers worldwide, with significant consequences for both maternal and child health.

Objective: This systematic review examines the prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, and treatment strategies for PPD, highlighting regional and socioeconomic disparities.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases was conducted for studies published between January 2013 and December 2023. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed articles, longitudinal or cross-sectional studies, and randomized controlled trials focusing on postpartum populations. A total of 128 studies were included in the final synthesis.

Results: PPD prevalence ranges from 10–15% in high-income countries to over 30% in low- and middle-income countries, influenced by socioeconomic, cultural, and healthcare disparities. Risk factors include hormonal fluctuations, pre-existing mental health conditions, and social determinants such as poverty, domestic violence, and inadequate partner support. Screening tools, such as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, facilitate early detection, while treatment strategies including pharmacological interventions, psychotherapy, and integrated care models demonstrate effectiveness.

Conclusion: PPD is a multifaceted condition requiring comprehensive, culturally sensitive care models to mitigate its impact. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies, personalized interventions, and the integration of mental health services into primary care to improve maternal and child outcomes globally.