ETHENOCENTRISM AMONG STUDENTS’ ETHNIC CLUSTERS IN THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF PAKISTAN

Abstract

Ethnocentrism is a sociocultural phenomenon characterized by a strong preference for one's own ethnic or cultural group, often accompanied by disregard, animosity, or exclusionary behaviour towards outgroups. The main objective of this study is to compare ethnocentrism among university students. This study examines the prevalence and intensity of ethnocentrism among university students in Pakistan, with a particular focus on social segmentation within higher education institutions. Given the diverse provincial and cultural backgrounds of students, social cartels often emerge, influencing trust, cooperation, and engagement in intercultural interactions. The research was conducted in Punjab, Pakistan, which is geographically divided into upper, middle, and lower regions. A multi-stage sampling approach was employed to ensure a representative selection of participants. A total of 352 students were selected through proportionate random sampling from four randomly selected public sector universities across the country. Data were collected using structured surveys and interviews to assess whether students extend cooperation to members of different ethnic groups. The findings indicate that Punjabi, Pathan, and Sindhi students exhibit lower levels of ethnocentrism, showing greater cooperation and trust toward other ethnic groups. In contrast, Balti, Kashmiri, and Balochi students display higher ethnocentrism, facing challenges in intercultural interactions and social adjustment. These variations significantly impact academic collaboration and campus social cohesion. The study underscores the need for policy interventions and intercultural programs to foster inclusivity in higher education institutions.