Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
The Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, published by the Kashf Institute of Development & Studies, is an HEC-recognized multidisciplinary journal. It serves as a platform for scholarly exploration across various disciplines, accepting research papers that undergo a rigorous peer-review process. KJMR is a platform for scholarly exploration across various disciplines. It accepts research papers that undergo a rigorous peer-review process and publishes findings relevant to academics, policymakers, and practitioners. This journal encourages cross-pollination of ideas between different fields, potentially impacting areas like social sciences, humanities, natural sciences, and engineering. Overall, it contributes to advancing knowledge, informing practice, and stimulating innovation across a broad spectrum of disciplines. e-ISSN: 3007-200X p-ISSN: 3007-1992
KASHF INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT & STUDIES
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" tabindex="-1" data-turn-id="request-WEB:1a5feec1-4169-432f-8d68-057852a47104-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> The Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (KJMR) distributes all published articles under an open access license to ensure wide dissemination and reuse of scholarly work. Unless otherwise stated, articles published in KJMR are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Under this license: Permissions Granted Readers and users are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial use Conditions of Use Appropriate credit must be given to the original author(s), the article title, and the Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. A link to the license must be provided. Any changes made to the original work must be clearly indicated. The use must not imply endorsement by the author(s) or the journal. Author Rights Authors retain full copyright of their work. Authors grant KJMR the non-exclusive right to publish, archive, and distribute the article in electronic and print forms. Authors are permitted to deposit the final published version of their article in institutional or subject repositories without embargo. Third-Party Material Any third-party content included in an article must be clearly credited and may be subject to separate licensing terms. It is the responsibility of the author(s) to obtain necessary permissions for such material. Long-Term Accessibility KJMR ensures permanent availability of published content through its official website and archiving partners, supporting long-term scholarly access. These distribution license terms align with international open access standards and support the journal’s mission to promote ethical, transparent, and wide dissemination of multidisciplinary research.
HYBRID IDENTITIES AS POLITICAL RESISTANCE: DECONSTRUCTING EAST–WEST DICHOTOMIES
Hybrid identities have emerged as a powerful form of political resistance in postcolonial societies, challenging rigid East–West binaries that have historically structured global power relations. Drawing on postcolonial theory, cultural studies, and South Asian intellectual traditions, this article examines hybridity as a dynamic process through which marginalized subjects negotiate, reinterpret, and subvert dominant cultural narratives. Focusing on the Pakistani context, the study argues that hybrid identities do not signify cultural loss or confusion but instead represent strategic forms of agency that contest colonial epistemologies and nationalist essentialism. By deconstructing East–West dichotomies, hybrid subjectivities create alternative spaces of belonging that disrupt hegemonic representations of culture, modernity, and tradition. The article demonstrates how hybridity operates across literature, language, politics, and everyday practices, functioning as both a site of tension and a resource for resistance. Ultimately, the study reframes hybridity as a critical tool for understanding contemporary political struggles in an increasingly interconnected yet unequal world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gulraiz Falak, Muhammad Rizwan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY OF THE LETTER X IN ENGLISH ORTHOGRAPHY
The letter \"X\" is examined linguistically as part of a functional analysis of the English writing system. Its absence, or presence, as a functionally contributive letter of the English writing system, and its rarity as a letter of the English language are examined through X's frequency, and through the analyses of the phonology, morphology and etymology. Phonological and corrosion analyses validate X's consonant cluster no unique shorthand for the English language's /ks/, /gz/ and /z/ sounds. X is morphologically inoperative, and its presence is more significant to the English system's Greek and Latin derived vocabulary. X is paradoxically and historically preserved in the English language alphabet due more its title as an English language letter, than as an English language functionally usable letter. Its primary preserved title in the English language is functionally preserved as a letter in a title, and its functionally unsymbolic attributes in a language of reference, are empty, and virtually nonlinguistic, as a letter to the English language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Faisal Muzaffar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL INHIBITORS TARGETING MMP-9 AND IL-18 IN TAKAYASU ARTERITIS
Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is an autoimmune, inflammatory-driven, enduring, large-vessel vasculitis characterized by structural vascular stenosis and aneurysm formation. The major mediators of extracellular matrix breakdown and inflammatory signalling are matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-18 (IL-18); there is a lack of systematic assessment of phytochemicals as dual inhibitors of these factors. The aim of the study was to discover phytochemical inhibitors with a dual potential of MMP-9 and IL-18, with strong binding capacity and pharmacokinetic viability to be used as a prospective therapeutic agent in TAK. A total of sixteen bioactive phytochemicals were obtained from PubChem and evaluated in silico. High-resolution crystal structures of MMP-9 (PDB: 1L6J) and IL-18 (PDB: 2VXT) were used in molecular docking. Docking identified seven top-ranking compounds, demonstrating consistently high binding affinities across both targets, stabilized through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π-stacking within structurally relevant pockets. SwissADME profiling has shown favourable pharmacokinetics of conformity to Lipinski Rule of Five and high gastrointestinal absorption and appropriate bioavailability, which favour their drug-likeness. The occupancy of ligands in the functional binding cavities was confirmed by CASTp analysis. These results suggest that quercetin and luteolin might be considered as possible dual-target drugs, capable of curing inflammatory signalling and extra-cellular matrix remodelling during TAK. Future research can confirm the efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and safety of these phytochemicals in vitro and in vivo and develop them as potential therapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehwish Majeed, Alina Sehar, Rabia Sajid, Muhammad Zurgham Akram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DYNAMIC SUPER FRAME ADJUSTMENT FOR DELAY MITIGATION IN IEEE 802.15.4 CLUSTER-TREE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
The standard IEEE 802.15.4 is the most popular standard covering the use of Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), which is mostly aimed at helping to deliver low data rates, low power Utilization, and affordable communication. Despite these, the standard has a fixed duty-cycle scheme that can cause latency and low throughput, especially in cluster-tree and multi-hop network architectures. To overcome these constraints, a dynamic delay-mitigation algorithm is proposed in this paper to adaptively adjust the super frame structure. The suggested method allows the PAN coordinator to make a Super frame Order (SO) of cluster heads dynamically, depending on the real-time network parameters such as the ratio of packet reception, traffic load, data rate, number of active nodes, and delay observed. Much simulation evidence indicates that the proposed scheme leads to significantly better network performance than the standard IEEE 802.15.4 protocol in terms of end-to-end interruption, packet delivery ratio, and throughput.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salman Ali khan, Aqib Mehmood, Attiq Ullah, Muhammad Ghaos Baksh UVES, Hamail Raza Zaidi, Aziz khan, Mubashir Zainoor, Waqas Ahmad, Muhammad Adil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN POTABLE WATER OF COASTAL AREA OF TALUKA JATI, SINDH, PAKISTAN
This study evaluates the level in mg/L and health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water across several sampling sites from coastal area of Taluka Jati (JT-50 to JT-84). The ranges of Heavy metals were observed as Cd (0.001 - 0.012), Cr (0.03 - 0.06), Cu (0.01 - 0.05), Co (0.03 - 0.18), Mn (0.00 - 0.50), Fe (0.09 - 0.26), Ni (0.01 - 0.04), Zn (0.01 - 0.05), Na (118.0 - 279.0), Ca (23.2 - 97.1), Mg (23.67 - 81.67) and K (1.53 - 6.43) mg/L. The assessment also focused on the Average Daily Dose (ADD), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Total Cancer Risk (TCR) for metals including Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn). The results indicated that the cumulative non-carcinogenic risk, represented by the Hazard Index (HI), exceeded the safety threshold of 1.0 at multiple locations, with the highest values observed at sites JT-76 (1.260) and JT-59 (1.240). Furthermore, the Total Cancer Risk (TCR) for almost all sites fell within the range of 10-4 to 10-3, which exceeds the USEPA's generally acceptable risk limit of 1×10-4. Chromium and Nickel were identified as the primary contributors to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. These findings suggest that the drinking water in the studied areas poses a significant health threat to the local population, necessitating immediate environmental intervention and water quality management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Abdul Raheem Shar, Prof. Dr. Ghulam Qadir Shar, Rabia Parveen Memon, Ammat - ur - Rehman Soomro, Dr. Liaquat Ali Shar, Seema Sarwar Ghumro, Farzana Mangrio, Sahib Ghanghro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS ACROSS DATASET FAMILIES
The available surveys in the field of intrusion detection are generally not comprehensive with some of the recent developments either underrepresented or even not mentioned. A major weakness of the previous studies is that the publications contain weaknesses like old sources, inadequate graphics, insufficient area of application, and lack of recommendations that can be applied by researchers and practitioners. Our approach to reviewing the literature is novel as it has a dataset-focused viewpoint, where we analyze in a systematic way the progress of benchmark datasets, starting with DARPA98 (approximately 90 percent accuracy using statistical anomaly detection) and KDD'99 (91-92 percent accuracy using SVMs and Neural Networks) and progressing to NSL-KDD (93-95 percent accuracy with Deep Belief Networks and LSTMs) and CICIDS2017 (94-95.1 percent accuracy using Random We also expand our discussion to newly created datasets of IoT of the Bot-IoT which present deep learning methods with more than 96 accuracy with reduced attack diversity. In contrast to previous surveys, our review does not just report on such performance benchmarks, but also critically assesses the merits and limitations of each dataset, realistic trade-offs, presents bias and fairness considerations, and comments on cross-domain generalizability across dataset families. This review will fill the gap between historical and modern research on IDS by synthesizing the results of both studies and providing a more practical and broad-based resource to junior researchers and practitioners by including findings based on accuracy and statistical analysis, informative plots, and recommendations that are easy to implement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizwan Hameed, Shanza Latif, Abdul Wassay, Faisal Rehman, Khurram Amin, Ali Danyal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AUTOMATED CORN LEAF DISEASE DETECTION USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS
The detection of plant diseases is essential for ensuring sustainable crop production and preventing yield losses. In recent years, gadgets gaining knowledge of strategies have shown amazing promise for automatic and accurate disorder detection. These studies give a technique for corn plant disease detection using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The proposed method harnesses the strength of deep mastering to routinely learn discriminative functions from corn plant snapshots, enabling accurate sickness categories. A complete dataset of categorized corn plant photos, protecting diverse diseases and wholesome conditions, is used for schooling the CNN version. Sizeable experiments reveal the effectiveness of the CNN-primarily based technique, accomplishing high accuracy costs in identifying corn plant illnesses. The proposed technique holds extensive capability for supporting farmers. Within the early detection and analysis of corn plant diseases, aiding in powerful disease control and advanced crop yield.
Copyright (c) 2026 Faria Naz, Saira Aslam, Ahmer Hassan, Arhama Ansari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSOCIATION OF PES PLANUS WITH GENU VALGUM IN THE ADULT POPULATION OF KARACHI
Background: Pes planus (flat foot) along with genu valgum (knock knees) represent frequent musculoskeletal deformities that may greatly affect lower limb mechanics as well as general quality of life. These conditions are researched on occasions in some pediatric populations. Few details are known about their relation with young adults. To make decent management systems, you have to understand how the link is made. Objective: To determine the association of pes planus with genu valgum in adult population of Karachi. Methodology: This current study is a cross-sectional one with 207 participants aged 18-26 at Bahria University Health Sciences Campus, Jinnah Sindh Medical University and Ziauddin University. The wet footprint test was used to widely categorize the foot arch type and the Q angle at the knee joint was likewise measured using a goniometer. Statistical analysis was then fully done in order to fully compare pes planus with genu valgum by using chi square test. Results: The research showed for a clear link between flat feet and into knock knees. Notably, full correlation of 81.8% was observed in patients through right foot pes planus who had unilateral as well as bilateral genu valgum; for cases through bilateral pes planus 63.6% (p = 0.029 and p = 0.047 respectively). Conclusion: These results suggest a link between flat feet and knock knees in young adults, implying that pes planus can worsen knee alignment problems. These results underscore the importance of early identification. They also underscore the importance of intervention for people susceptible to developing these conditions.Targeted strategies, like orthotic control along with physical therapy, might improve results as well as increase general lower limb health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Komal Jamil, Muhammad Abdullah Siddiqui, Mubashir Hanif, Mubarra Jabeen, Misbah Shaikh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A HIGH-EFFICIENCY ELECTRIC SCOOTER FOR URBAN MOBILITY
Electric vehicles, especially electric scooters, are increasingly being adopted in cities as people look for cleaner and more efficient transportation options. This paper focuses on the design and development of an electric scooter that provides a useful, economical and sustainable solution for daily urban travelling. The design process started with an analysis of user needs and market trends, followed by a review of the latest advancements in areas such as motor efficiency, battery performance and lightweight structural materials. Based on this study, a detailed design specification was prepared, addressing important factors like top speed, travel distance, cost and also safety. While during the development phase several prototype models were built and tested to analyze performance and reliability. With the helped of these tests the design of electrical scooters was improved and ensure compliance with safety and regulatory standards. The final design combines key parts such as a brushless DC motor, a regenerative braking system, and a high-capacity lithium-ion battery pack. Extra features, like energy monitoring and smart connectivity were also included to make it easier for users. Sustainability remained a major focus in the paper with efforts made to minimize energy-efficient components and environmental impact by using recyclable materials. overall the designed electric scooter introduces a durable alternative to usual petrol diesel based vehicles for nearby travel distance
Copyright (c) 2025 Muiz Asghar, Amna Hafeez, Shoukat Ali Noonari, Sagheer Ahmed, Aziz ur Rehman, Faiza Anam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NOVEL APPROACH FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF HIGH-SPEED TRAIN BEARINGS USING TRANSFORMER MODELS OPTIMIZED BY AQUILA OPTIMIZER AND LIGHT GRADIENT BOOSTING MACHINE
High-speed train bearing fault diagnosis is crucial for rail system safety and reliability. Traditional methods like vibration analysis often suffer from low accuracy and long processing times. This paper introduces an advanced diagnostic approach using Improved Aquila Optimizer (IAO) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (Light GBM) combined with Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technology. The Aquila Optimizer was enhanced with opposition-based learning and Nelder-Mead search methods to optimize Light-GBM parameters. Various detailed bearing fault types, including Inner and outer race scratch and wear, roller ring failures, cage and compound faults, were analyzed. LIF technology captured spectral images, and multivariate scattering correction (MSC) and normalization prepared the fluorescence curves. Kernel-based principal component analysis (KPCA) reduced data dimensionality, which was then used to train the Light-GBM model. The IAO optimized the model, demonstrating superior convergence and prediction accuracy compared to particle swarm optimization and the original Aquila Optimizer. The MSC-IAO-Light GBM model achieved the best fault prediction results, with an MSE of 7.0521 × 10-9, a MAE of 5.451 × 10-2, and R² approaching 1. This method offers a novel approach for high-speed train bearing fault detection, enhancing rail system stability and safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ali Nawaz Sanjrani, Asad Raza, Nouman Qadeer Soomro, Zahid, Attaullah Narejo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENETIC VARIATION IN INNATE IMMUNE GENES SHAPES GUT MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS: A REVIEW
The gut microbiota is a critical determinant of host immune, metabolic, and epithelial homeostasis, yet the host genetic factors governing inter-individual variation in microbial composition remain incompletely defined. Beyond environmental influences, genetic variation in innate immune pathways has emerged as a key regulator of host-microbiome interactions. Variants in pattern recognition receptors, inflammasome components, antimicrobial peptide genes, and immune-regulatory cytokines modulate microbial sensing, antimicrobial defense, inflammatory tone, and barrier integrity, thereby exerting selective pressures on gut microbial communities. This review systematically synthesizes evidence from human genome-microbiome association studies, twin cohorts, population-based analyses, and mechanistic experimental models to delineate how genetic variation in innate immune genes shapes gut microbiota composition and function. We focus on major innate pathways, including Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, inflammasomes, defensins, and cytokine signaling networks, and summarize their documented effects on microbial diversity, taxonomic structure, and disease-associated dysbiosis. Key methodological challenges such as small genetic effect sizes, environmental confounding, population specificity, and limited causal inference are critically evaluated. Finally, we outline future directions emphasizing longitudinal study designs, multi-omics integration, functional validation, and genotype-stratified interventions. Elucidating innate immune genetic control of the gut microbiota will be essential for advancing precision microbiome medicine and for developing targeted therapeutic strategies for inflammatory, metabolic, and immune-mediated diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehwish Majeed, Rabia Sajid, Alina Sehar, Muhammad Zurgham Akram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL THIAZOLE-SUBSTITUTED COUMARIN DERIVATIVES: EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES
Novel thiazole-substituted coumarin derivatives (C₁₇H₁₁N₁O₃S) were successfully synthesized via a two-step procedure involving Pechmann condensation followed by thiazole ring formation. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA analyses. FTIR spectra indicated characteristic functional groups of the coumarin and thiazole moieties, while XRD patterns revealed a semi-crystalline nature. SEM images showed irregular aggregated particles with heterogeneous surface morphology, and TGA demonstrated good thermal stability with major decomposition between 250–400 °C. The derivatives exhibited significant biological activity, displaying concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS assays, with IC₅₀ values comparable to ascorbic acid. Additionally, the compounds showed promising anticancer potential against MCF-7, A549, and HeLa cell lines, with IC₅₀ values as low as 18.5 µM. The combined structural, physicochemical, and biological data suggest that these coumarin–thiazole hybrids are potent multifunctional candidates with potential applications as antioxidant and anticancer agents. The results indicated that the synthesized thiazole-substituted coumarin derivatives exhibited significant antioxidant and promising anticancer activities, suggesting their potential as lead compounds for pharmaceutical development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khitab Ur Rahman, Atif Ahmad, Anam, Sakina, Waqar Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING THROUGH SCENARIO-BASED REQUIREMENTS VALIDATION: A METRICS-DRIVEN APPROACH
The total and the full traceability of the Software Requirements Specifications (SRS) has been an old issue in the field of software engineering and may lead to project postponement, cost escalation and system failure. Manual validation is less labour intensive, less consistent in projects, and more likely to contain errors compared to traditional validation techniques. The research is carried out in a formal metrics based framework of scenario based requirements validation which is supposed to provide a rigorous, reproducible and automated method of determining the quality of SRS. Six new quantitative measures in the form of Requirements-Scenarios Traceability Index (RSTI), Unlinked Requirements Percentage (URP), Scenario coverage Ratio (SCR), Scenario Completeness Score(SCS), Scenario similarity Index (SSI) and Scenario-Requirements Ratio (SRR) are proposed to quantitatively measure completeness and traceability. The similarity analysis of semantics and the hybrid validation systems are included in the framework too to ensure that coverage is maximized. The empirical results of 547 pairs of requirement-scenario, five industrial domains showed that there were significant enhancements and are the 96.7 percent accuracy of validation, the 84 percent less processing time and the 85 percent less validation cost. Stakeholder feedback also supported high usability and intent to adopt by supporting the claim that the effect would enable the possibility of the framework to convert requirements validation into an automated, scalable and reliable engineering process that previously represented a manual engineering process and was liable to error. The metrics-based solution resolves the possibility to contribute to the research community of software engineering and requirements engineering by the research article that is a contribution to the researcher community, which can be utilized to bridge the gap between the academic creativity and the practice in the industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Massan, Muhammad Saleh Shah, Maheen Danish, Rabia Ali Khan, Ayesha Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF ILIOTIBIAL BAND STRETCHING VERSUS MYOFASCIAL RELEASE TECHNIQUE ON KNEE PAIN, PHYSICAL FUNCTION, AND QUALITY OF MOVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH LATERAL PATELLAR TRACKING DISORDER
Background: Lateral Patellar Tracking Disorder (LPTD) is one of the common biomechanical problems of the knee joint. However, there is still a scarcity of evidence regarding the effects of physiotherapy therefore this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Iliotibial Band (ITB) Stretching versus ITB Myofascial Release Technique (MFRT) on knee pain, physical function and quality of movement in patients with LPTD. Methodology: A two-arm, parallel group design, Randomized Controlled Trial was conducted on patients suffering from LPTD. Patients aged between 25-55 years and radiograph findings with lateral tracking of patella were enrolled. A sample size of 40 participants who met eligibility criteria were assigned into Group A= ITB Stretching (n=20) and Group B=ITB MFRT (n=20) using simple random sampling. Treatment protocol was followed as one session per day for 2 weeks. Data was collected using valid tools i.e., Numeric Pain Rating Scale was used to assess Knee pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index was used to measure physical function and Lateral Step-Down Test for Quality of Movement. Data was analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 23.0. Paired sample t-test was run for within-group analysis and independent sample t-test was used for between-groups analysis. P-value <0.05 were considered as significant at 95% CI. Results: The pre-post analysis of both the groups showed statistically significant reduction in knee pain, improvement in physical function, and quality of movement at p-value <0.01. The mean post-post score of pain, physical function and quality of movement of Group A was 2.2, 25.3 and 1.2 respectively and whereas for Group B was 2.4, 25.3 and 24.1 respectively, showed no statistically significant difference between studied groups at p-value p>0.05. Conclusion: ITB Stretching and MFRT both are effective treatment strategies in reducing knee pain, improving physical function, and quality of movement in patients with LPTD.
Copyright (c) 2026 Basma Gul, Hajra Ameer Shaikh, Muhammad Amir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCED HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS INTEGRATING BATTERIES, SUPERCAPACITORS, AND PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE POWER CONVERSION AND EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION
The global transition toward sustainable energy demands efficient and reliable power conversion systems. Conventional energy storage technologies struggle to meet dynamic load requirements and intermittency issues associated with renewable sources. This study proposes an advanced hybrid energy storage system that integrates batteries, supercapacitors, and photovoltaic devices into a unified architecture. The objective is to enhance energy efficiency, system stability, and power delivery performance. Photovoltaic devices serve as the primary renewable energy source. However, their output fluctuates due to environmental conditions. Batteries provide high energy density and ensure long-term energy availability. Supercapacitors complement batteries by offering high power density and rapid charge–discharge capability. The coordinated integration of these components creates a balanced system that addresses both energy and power demands. A novel energy management strategy is introduced to control power flow among the subsystems. The strategy prioritizes photovoltaic utilization while minimizing battery stress. Supercapacitors handle transient loads and peak power demands. This approach reduces energy losses and extends battery lifespan. System efficiency is further improved through optimized power conversion techniques. Simulation-based analysis demonstrates improved voltage stability, faster dynamic response, and reduced conversion losses compared to conventional single-storage systems. The hybrid configuration shows superior adaptability under varying load and irradiation conditions. Results confirm that the proposed system achieves higher efficiency and operational reliability. The findings highlight the potential of hybrid energy storage systems for sustainable power applications. Such systems are suitable for smart grids, electric vehicles, and standalone renewable installations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sohaib Khan, Sidra Parveen, Muhammad Azam Shani, Amama Sattar, Shaheen Irfan, Muhammad Arslan Haider Shah, Javed Karim, Iftekhar Majeed, Muhammad Deebaj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF JOB CRAFTING: INSIGHTS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
The purpose of this study was to determine and unleash the potential of job crafting. The study required consideration of elements such as work-life balance, job autonomy, or work flourishing that may impact the balance between professional and personal life. Consequently, the following areas were investigated: areas of job crafting, the work that respondents have done and would like to do, and their involvement in job crafting. Two aspects of job crafting were the focus of the study: changing job activities by employees to increase structural job resources, decrease limiting job demands, increase social job resources, and increase challenging job demands. In addition to a thorough literature study, the research comprised a survey, questionnaires, conversations, and an examination of working circumstances. The 210 employees’ valid responses were examined. Using PLS-SEM, we evaluate the suggested theoretical model. It was found that workers in established companies could recognize opportunities for job crafting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zunaira Najam, Muhammad Rafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BEYOND GRADES: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON ACADEMIC WRITING AND STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN BAHAWALPUR
The rapid proliferation of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has fundamentally altered the landscape of English Language Teaching (ELT) and academic writing in higher education. This study investigates the impact of AI tools on the academic writing practices and student engagement of undergraduate students at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Bahawalpur, South Punjab, Pakistan. Moving beyond grades, the research explores how these technologies influence critical thinking, learner autonomy, and the writing process itself. Grounded in Sociocultural Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of 350 undergraduate students from The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB) and Government Sadiq College Women University (GSCWU), followed by semi-structured interviews with 15 students and 5 faculty members. Findings indicate that while AI tools significantly enhance writing self-efficacy and linguistic accuracy, they present a paradox for engagement. They facilitate micro-scaffolding of language skills but pose risks of cognitive disengagement and over-reliance. The study concludes with pedagogical implications for integrating AI into the Pakistani undergraduate curriculum to foster ethical, autonomous, and critical writing practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Aslam Khan, Tanveer Ahmed, Azuba Afzal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION IN RELATION TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVOIRONMENT
Air pollution has emerged as a critical global threat to public health and the environment. Major pollutants like PM2.5, O3, NO2, and SO2 contribute to respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases, affecting over 92% of the world’s population. Children are especially vulnerable, with pollution linked to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Anthropogenic activities such as vehicle emissions, power plants, and industrial processes are the major sources of air pollution, releasing harmful pollutants that impact human health and the environment. Both indoor and outdoor pollution contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, especially among vulnerable populations like children and workers. Long-term exposure to fine particles significantly increases the risk of chronic respiratory diseases like COPD and cardiovascular conditions such as ischemic heart disease. Air pollution causes climate change, acid rain, ecosystem degradation, ozone depletion, and biodiversity loss by damaging air, water, soil, and living organisms. These impacts threaten ecosystem services and global environmental health, necessitating urgent pollution control measures. Maximizing success in addressing atmospheric change and environmental degradation requires increasing public awareness, training, and engagement. A global preventative program and sustainable development strategies are essential to counteract anthropogenic air pollution and manage its health impacts. International cooperation in policy, administration, monitoring, and research is crucial, alongside advancing and synchronizing air pollution laws. Focusing on local frameworks to promote knowledge and practice can support the creation of effective global regulations for sustainable ecosystem management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kainat Safdar, Maria Abdullah Butt, Nimra Batool, Sumaira Kanwal, Iram Batool, Kashmala Yousaf, Maria Anwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFAS) AND DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN SOKOTO, NIGERIA
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and depression among adolescents attending Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Kware, Sokoto, Nigeria. Sixty participants were randomly selected and their dietary habits were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Depression scores were evaluated using a standardized tool. Results showed that participants had low levels of PUFAs, and the common diets include palm oil being the lowest (1.65 ± 0.71%) content of PUFAs and coconut having the highest concentration (22.3 ± 8.6%). The prevalence of depression was high among participants, and it was linked to lower levels of PUFAs. The study suggests that poor dietary habits, particularly low intake of PUFAs, may contribute to depression among adolescents in Sokoto, Nigeria. This signifies the need for health education, counseling, and awareness regarding healthy dietary habits especially in adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2026 A.I. Umar, U. Abdussalam, Yusuf Yahaya Miya, Bello Buhari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN AHP-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION-SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS: DEVELOPMENT AND CASE STUDIES
Decision-making in civil engineering often requires the careful evaluation of multiple, frequently conflicting criteria, encompassing technical performance, cost efficiency, and sustainability considerations. Conventional approaches relying on intuition or single-factor analysis are increasingly insufficient for addressing such multifaceted challenges. This study introduces an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based multi-criteria decision-support system (DSS) designed to facilitate systematic, transparent, and sustainability-focused decision-making in civil engineering contexts. The research focuses on the creation of a user-friendly, Excel-based platform that allows practitioners to implement AHP without extensive computational expertise. The DSS enables the definition of criteria and choice, execution of pairwise comparisons, consistency assessment, and final ranking through weighted aggregation. Its effectiveness is demonstrated through two real-world case studies involving sustainable concrete material selection: recycled aggregate concrete and waste tyre rubber–modified concrete. These applications integrate technical, environmental, and economic factors to identify optimal choice within a sustainability-oriented framework. Findings indicate that the proposed DSS supports objective, structured evaluation, reduces computational effort, and enhances decision transparency. The study emphasizes the significance of applied practice DDS in promoting environmentally responsible practices, offering a versatile solution for researchers, engineers, and students seeking informed, sustainable infrastructure decisions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Talha, Mudasir Bashir, Muhammad Shameer Faisal, Abdul Saboor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A FRIEND OR THREAT TO RADIOGRAPHERS?
Copyright (c) 2025 Sadia Azam, Prof. Dr. Syed Asadullah, Waqas Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF FOLIAR BORON AND FARMYARD MANURE ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND OIL CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER.
There was a field trial. In the fall of 2023, a study was carried out at Sindh Agriculture University Tando jam Research Area of the Students' Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate how boron administration affected sunflower plant growth, yield, and oil content. The methodology used in the experiment was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with each treatment being replicated three times. Sunflower seeds were sown using a dibbler on ridges spaced 75 cm apart. The variety HO-1 was treated with different farmyard manure and boron foliar applications levels: T1 = 00% B + Farmyard Manure (Control), T2 = 0.5% B + Farmyard Manure @ 5 ton, T3 = 0.1% B + Farmyard Manure @ 5 ton, T4 = 0.2% B + Farmyard Manure @ 5 ton, T5 = 0.4% B + Farmyard Manure @ 5 ton. Experiment analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows significant difference (P<0.05) for all growth, yield and oil content characteristics due to treatments. Maximum plant population (m-2) (9.1), plant height (cm) (236.0 ), stem girth (cm) (10.8), head diameter (cm) (45.3), seeds head-1 (1797.3), seed weight head-1 (g) (58.6), seed index (g) (32.6), Seed yield (2183.3 kg ha-1 ) oil content of 40.00% were recorded on T5 = 0.4% B + Farmyard Manure @ 5 ton. Similarly, T4 = 0.2% B + Farmyard Manure @ 5 ton with high plant population (m-2) (8.2), plant height (cm) (231.0), stem girth (cm) (10.5), head diameter (cm) (43.3), seeds head-1 (1561.3), seed weight head-1 (g) (46.7), seed index (g) (30.0), Seed yield (1950.0 kg ha-1), oil content of 39.1%. However minimum results were observed in T1 = 00% B + Farmyard Manure (Control) high plant population (m-2) (5.8), plant height (cm) (188.3), stem girth (cm) (9.0), diameter (cm) (24.3), seeds head-1 (1139.3), seed weight head-1 (g) of (24.1), seed index (g) (21.0), Seed yield (1458.3 kg ha-1 ) the lowest mean oil content 36.2%. After going through the findings of the present research, it was concluded that the growth and yield of sunflower increased simultaneously with increasing Boron levels; and the sunflower fertilized with T5 = 0.4% B + Farmyard Manure @ 5 ton resulted in highest seed yield (2183.3 kg ha-1 ), followed by T4 = 0.2% B + Farmyard Manure @ 5 ton (1950.0 kg ha-1) and T3 = 0.1% B + Farmyard Manure @ 5 ton (1741.7 kg ha-1). It was concluded that the impact of varying boron levels on sunflower growth, yield, and oil content reveals significant correlations, emphasizing the critical role of phosphorus in optimizing sunflower productivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danish Manzoor, Urooj Rehmani, Asif Ali Kaleri, Saddam Hussain Mirbahar, Zaheer Ud Din, Bakhat Ali Hakro, Parvaiz Ali Kaloi, Mohammad Arsal, Abdullah Arain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hope vs. Defiance: A Comparative Corpus Analysis of Emotional Lexis in MLK’s I Have a Dream and Churchill’s We Shall Fight on the Beaches
Political speeches function not only as instruments of persuasion but also as powerful emotional artifacts that mobilize collective consciousness during moments of crisis and transformation. This study undertakes a comparative corpus-based analysis of emotional lexis in two iconic political speeches: Martin Luther King’s The American Dream and Winston Churchill’s We Shall Fight on the Beaches. Drawing on corpus linguistics and emotion-oriented discourse analysis, the research investigates how hope and defiance are linguistically constructed, foregrounded, and strategically deployed in American civil rights rhetoric and British wartime discourse respectively. Using a small, specialized corpus, the analysis employs Voyant Tools, AntConc, and Text Inspector to examine lexical frequency, keyword salience, collocation patterns, sentiment polarity, semantic fields, and evaluative language. The findings are expected to reveal significant contrasts in emotional framing: King’s discourse privileging optimism, moral aspiration, and collective uplift, while Churchill’s rhetoric emphasizes resistance, resolve, and national endurance. By integrating quantitative corpus techniques with qualitative interpretation, the study demonstrates how emotional lexis operates as an ideological and rhetorical resource in political leadership across cultures. The research contributes to corpus-assisted political discourse analysis, offering insights into the emotional mechanics of persuasion in canonical political texts
Copyright (c) 2025 Azmat Batool, Dr. M. Faisal Hanif, Mussarat Qamar, Faiza Altaf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing User Stress Associated with Social Networking Location Disclosure: A Proposed Framework.
Social media has become the most important part of the modern society. A number of social sites have been developed which allow sharing posts, status and locations etc. thereby providing an easy access for users to see other people’s activities such as what location they are at and what they are doing. This activity engages people in social comparison in which the people compare their lives with others on the basis of information (status, location, etc.) posted by them on the social media sites. This often leads to making people think about their life as less idealized/privileged, thereby causing stress. Our study suggests that among others, one of the triggers of stress is fake location sharing by the users. So our research has proposed Framework for stress management which address issue of fake location and also allow user to share real location.it also provide about contents along with other associated information based on real user location. Usability study of framework has also been conducted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumaira Memon, KamranTaj Pathan, Sorath Mahar, Rafique Ahmed Vighio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPREHENSIVE DETECTION OF MULTI-TYPE WRIST FRACTURES USING IMPROVED YOLOv8 MODEL
Bone fractures, particularly those affecting the wrists, shoulders, and arms, are common and significantly impact patient care. This study investigates the utility of YOLOv8, a deep learning model, in detecting ulna and radius fractures which are the crucial components of wrist injuries. Through collaboration with phys- iotherapists and comprehensive data collection, an annotated dataset is curated for precise wrist fracture localization. Advanced data augmentation techniques are used including Mosaic, Mix-up, and copy paste, to enhance dataset diver- sity and model robustness. Along with baseline YOLOv8 and iYOLOv8 + GC which currently reports high precision (97.2%), we also consider the most opti- mized variant. We also focus on the baseline YOLOv8 results relative to this newer version to demonstrate the focus on high precision vs the balance within recall, F1 score, and precision. The model excelled in detecting various wrist fracture types, advancing fracture detection in medical practice. The improved evaluation metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, highlighted the robustness of the YOLOv8 model in identifying ulna and radius fractures. YOLOv8 achieved high scores with accuracy and precision score of 0.87 each recall 0.88, and F1-score 0.86, which indicates its proficiency in accurate fracture detection. The comparative analysis has highlighted the balanced performance of YOLOv8, as the best models like iYOLOv8 + GC also record higher values of accuracy (up to 97.2) whereas our strategy is robust in various measures. These findings highlight YOLOv8 as a promising diagnostic tool for expedited diagnosis and improved patient care in wrist injury management.
Wrist injuries; ulna and radius fractures; YOLOv8; deep learning; fracture detection
Copyright (c) 2025 Hina Mohsin, Ghazanfar Ali, Imsal Shabbir Mirza, Iqra Hameed , Tuba Younas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESTIMATION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY OF SEED TRAITS IN BREAD WHEAT
Significant genetic variability was observed among the 42 wheat genotypes for seed length and seed width, indicating the presence of substantial exploitable diversity for grain quality improvement. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for both traits. Seed length ranged from 6.445 to 8.388 mm with a mean value of 7.188 mm. Genotype PYT-2516 recorded the maximum seed length (8.388 mm), followed by PYT-2515 and PYT-2501, whereas the check cultivar NIA-Zarkhaiz exhibited the minimum seed length (6.445 mm). Most advanced lines showed superior grain length compared to the check cultivar, and several genotypes surpassed the commercial check IV-3, highlighting their breeding potential. Frequency distribution indicated that the majority of genotypes were clustered within the 6.89–7.34 mm range, while PYT-2516 formed a distinct class with the longest grains. Similarly, grain width showed significant variation among genotypes, ranging from 2.985 to 3.900 mm with an overall mean of 3.49 mm. The genotype PYT-2530 exhibited the maximum grain width (3.900 mm), followed by PYT-2506 (3.700 mm), whereas PYT-2515 recorded the narrowest grains (2.985 mm). Most genotypes were concentrated within the 3.585–3.785 mm class, while PYT-2530 represented the boldest grain class. The wide variation in both grain length and width suggests strong genetic control and provides valuable opportunities for selection and hybridization aimed at improving grain size, grain weight, and overall wheat productivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Abbas Kaleri, Parvaiz ali kaloi, Asad Ali korai, Saddam Hussain Mirbahar, Shahzad Ali Majeedano, Abdul Qayoom Majeedano, Murk Keerio, Shagufta Baladi, Tameer Hyder Shah, Sarang Ali Bhand (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING CIRCULAR ECONOMY BARRIERS IN NOWSHERA’S MARBLE FACTORIES
The marble industry in District Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, plays a vital role in Pakistan’s economy but remains heavily dependent on a linear production model, resulting in excessive waste generation, high energy consumption, and environmental degradation. This study investigates the barriers to adopting circular economy (CE) practices in the marble sector, focusing on Shaidu, Jehangira, and Khairabad. A quantitative research design was employed, incorporating two structured surveys: one targeting CE experts and professionals (n = 64) and another engaging marble factory managers (n = 10). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, weighted averages, cross-tabulations, and correlation analysis to capture both systemic and operational perspectives. Findings reveal that weak regulatory enforcement, high electricity costs, lack of financial incentives, minimal awareness, and inadequate technological infrastructure are the principal barriers to CE adoption. Notably, 90% of factory managers had no prior awareness of CE, yet all expressed willingness to adopt sustainable practices when informed. The study concludes that integrated policy reforms, financial support, awareness campaigns, and technological investments are essential for transitioning Pakistan’s marble industry toward circular models aligned with sustainable development goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hani Alam, Hafiz Muhammad Usman Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TURBULENT FLOW PHENOMENA IN BAFFLED RECTANGULAR CHANNELS: SINGLE VS. DOUBLE STEP CONFIGURATIONS
The present work shows computational analysis of fluid flow through a rectangular channel modified by single as well as double baffle steps utilizing the finite element method (FEM) within the COMSOL Multi-physics background. The study focuses on the complex relationship of boundary layer separation, vortex generation, and flow phenomena governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes and continuity equations. To achieve a numerical solution, these second-order governing equations were converted into a first-order system by introducing vorticity as an additional unknown. Discretization was performed using the Galerkin finite element method coupled with a least squares residual approach to manage non-linearity and higher-order terms, while the Newton-Raphson method was utilized for final calculations. Steady-state simulations conducted across a Reynolds number (Re) range of 1 to 500 reveal that vortex formation is strongly dependent on fluid inertia. Results indicate that while no vortices appear at Re = 1, distinct primary and secondary vortices begin to form in the corners of the step baffles by Re = 50. As Re increases to 200, these vortices merge, and by Re = 500, the consolidated secondary vortex expands significantly to fill the entire channel domain. Comparative analysis between single- and double-baffle configurations shows that increasing the number of baffles facilitates more energetic and sustained vortex growth, with the double-step geometry reaching a maximum vortex length of approximately 0.20 compared to 0.06 in the single-step design at Re = 500. The numerical results demonstrate strong agreement with established literature, confirming the accuracy of the proposed computational approach for investigating flow efficiency and energy dissipation in baffled channels.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akhalque Ahmed Abbasi, Murtaza Hussain Shar, Mazhar Ali Sahito, Dr. Abdul Raheem Shar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF CORAL REEF DEGRADATION
The coral reefs represent some of the planet's most significant ecological systems for marine biodiversity, along with environmental benefits. Still, they are rapidly vanishing due to a combination of various environmental and human-caused stressors. Global climatic changes, predation, coral diseases, sedimentation, marine development, and unsustainable fishing activities are major causes of reef degradation. Furthermore, declining water quality caused by eutrophication, plastic debris, and chemical pollutants, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, UV filters, and hydrocarbons, worsens the situation by harming coral health and reproduction. The review examines the ecological and socioeconomic consequences of reef decline, including reduced ecosystem services, loss of marine habitats, declining fish populations, and diminished coastal protection and tourism revenue, particularly in regions that rely on reefs for their livelihoods. Several active restoration methods have been examined, including coral gardening, larval propagation, substrate stabilization, micro-algal removal, micro-fragmentation, artificial reefs, and coral transplantation, alongside passive approaches like establishing marine reserves and predator exclusion, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive and multifaceted strategies. The paper offers several recommendations, including improving monitoring tools, expanding restoration efforts, enhancing stakeholder collaboration, and developing legislation to safeguard reefs for future generations. Through both national and global initiatives, it remains possible to prevent further deterioration and conserve the vital services they provide.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Imran, Maria Abdullah Butt, Iram Batool, Sumaira Kanwal, Hassan Zeb, Asma Majeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MENTAL WELLNESS IN THE POST-COVID ERA: CHALLENGES FACED BY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KARACHI
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected mental wellness worldwide, with university students representing a particularly vulnerable population. In Karachi, Pakistan’s largest metropolitan city, students experienced abrupt academic disruptions, prolonged social isolation, and uncertainty regarding health and career prospects. This review aims to synthesize available literature on mental wellness challenges faced by university students in Karachi following the COVID-19 pandemic. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 were reviewed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and related psychosocial issues. Findings indicate a substantial rise in psychological distress among students, particularly females and those enrolled in medical and health sciences programs. Academic stress associated with online learning, fear of infection, reduced social interaction, and financial instability emerged as major contributing factors. The review highlights the persistent impact of the pandemic on student mental health and underscores the urgent need for institutional mental health services, preventive strategies, and policy-level interventions to promote student well-being in post-pandemic academic settings
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarah Jameel Khan, Hasan Tahir, Abeer Jameel Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0