Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
The Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, published by the Kashf Institute of Development & Studies, is an HEC-recognized multidisciplinary journal. It serves as a platform for scholarly exploration across various disciplines, accepting research papers that undergo a rigorous peer-review process. KJMR is a platform for scholarly exploration across various disciplines. It accepts research papers that undergo a rigorous peer-review process and publishes findings relevant to academics, policymakers, and practitioners. This journal encourages cross-pollination of ideas between different fields, potentially impacting areas like social sciences, humanities, natural sciences, and engineering. Overall, it contributes to advancing knowledge, informing practice, and stimulating innovation across a broad spectrum of disciplines. e-ISSN: 3007-200X p-ISSN: 3007-1992
KASHF INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT & STUDIES
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Influence of Iqbal’s Educational Philosophy on Holistic Development: The Mediating Role of Transformative Self-Development and Self-Actualization
Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal, one of the most prominent Muslim philosophers, scholars, and reformers, presented a revolutionary Islamic educational philosophy whose principles continue to be researched and applied within contemporary educational systems worldwide. Pakistan’s existing education system, in particular, can benefit from embracing Iqbal’s transformative educational vision. The significance of this study lies in its emphasis on the purpose of youth existence, enabling them to reclaim their lost dignity and assume global leadership, as envisioned in the concept of the “Perfect Man.” The primary objective of this study is to examine the influence of Iqbal’s educational philosophy on holistic human development, with a specific focus on the mediating roles of transformative self-development and self-actualization. By highlighting these mediating constructs, the study underscores their critical role in fostering holistic development that balances intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and social dimensions of education. Such an approach enables the younger generation to cultivate spiritual awareness, intellectual growth, and moral consciousness. A quantitative research approach was employed to examine the impact of Iqbal’s Educational Philosophy (IEP) on Holistic Development (HD), mediated by Self-Actualization (SA) and Transformative Self-Development (TSD). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze direct and indirect relationships among the constructs using Smart PLS (version 24). The study population comprised undergraduate students from two public universities in Karachi. The randomly selected sample included 120 undergraduates (60 males and 60 females).The findings reveal a growing interest among students in Iqbal’s concepts of self-actualization and transformative self-development, which help them recognize their inner potential and accept responsibility for personal and societal transformation. The study recommends incorporating Iqbal’s educational philosophy into curricula to cultivate adaptable, socially responsible, and future-ready generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nosheen Rehman, Dr. Fayyaz Ahmad Shaheen, Farooq Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF CUMIN EXTRACT AGAINST UTI-CAUSING PATHOGENS
In recent years, treatment of urinary tract infection has become increasingly challenging due to the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance patterns in the UTI causing pathogens. Plant extracts could be used to increase the efficiency of the conventional antibiotics without increasing antibiotics doses due to the presence of bioactive compounds. The current study has explored the potential of cumin seed extract to inhibit the growth of UTI pathogens. The potential was assessed using solvent including methanol, ethanol, acetone and water at different duration including 24, 48 and 72 hours for each extract. The pathogens included Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. It was observed that the cumin seed extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens. Results demonstrates that methanol extracts exhibited stronger antimicrobial potential with the highest zones of inhibition observed for P. vulgaris and E. coli (19mm), K. pneumoniae (18mm) and S. aureus (15mm). Ethanol extracts also exhibited significant antimicrobial potential particularly against K. pneumoniae (18mm) and E. coli (17mm). Acetone and distilled water showed comparatively lower activity. The results proved that the cumin seed extract could be used as a potential source of antimicrobial agent, suggesting a promising compound for healthcare applications, especially antimicrobial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Areeja Ansari, Syeda Bushra Zafar, Samina Iqbal, Syeda Hafiza Afsheen Zafar, Mehwish Faiz, Dr Muhammad Ahsan Baig, Dr Asadullah Khokar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TITANIUM COATING FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE ON STAINLESS STEEL GRADE ASTM 304L AND 316L FOR MEDICAL APPLICATION
This research study investigates the surface enhancement of austenitic stainless steels ASTM 304L and 316L for biomedical implant applications through a titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin film deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD). This study aims to determine whether a TiO₂ coating can improve corrosion resistance in physiologically relevant environments while maintaining or enhancing key mechanical characteristics required for load-bearing medical components. Uncoated and coated specimens of both grades were evaluated using electrochemical corrosion testing, mechanical testing (hardness and compressive strength), and microstructural/chemical characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The TiO₂-coated samples exhibited a clear improvement in corrosion behavior compared with the uncoated substrates, indicating a more protective surface and reduced susceptibility to degradation. Mechanical results showed a modest increase in surface hardness and a slight improvement in compressive performance after coating, suggesting that the deposited layer contributed to better surface integrity without compromising bulk response. Among the investigated materials, TiO₂-coated 316L demonstrated superior overall performance relative to TiO₂-coated 304L, consistent with the higher intrinsic corrosion resistance of 316L and the effectiveness of the coating–substrate combination. SEM examination revealed a uniform, dense coating morphology with no visible cracking or delamination, while EDS confirmed the presence and continuity of the TiO₂ layer. These findings support PVD-deposited TiO₂ as a practical route to improve the corrosion resistance and surface performance of stainless steel alloys intended for biomedical implant service.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Nasir Mehdi Gardezi, Asad Raza Gardezi, Dr. Ali Nawaz Sanjrani, Muhammad Punhal Sahto, Muhammad Hassan, Arfa, Ali Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TWO-PHASE NETWORK TRAFFIC INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM BASED ON THE RANDOM FOREST AND XGBOOST.
The article reports a dual-stage network intrusion detection system (IDS) that implements the use of Random Forest and XGBoost in order to enhance the identification of malicious traffic in modern networks. This system then conducts binary classification in order to differentiate between normal and anomaly traffic and subsequently usage of multi-class classification is done to distinguish between particular types of attacks. Both models are evaluated comprehensively using the UNSW-NB15 dataset that has forty-five engineered features and ten traffic classes. The process of data preprocessing involves missing value imputation, feature scaling, and one-hot encoding to make sure that the input is not compromised. When using experiments, it is observed that XGBoost slightly outperforms Random Forest on the multi-class task, with an accuracy of 80.74 and both models have an accuracy of more than 93 on binary detection. The two-step process reduces the impact of the imbalance of classes and gives interpretable results through the visualization of the confusion matrix. The work provides a machine-learned pipeline that can be deployed in the real world to monitor network traffic by making use of this work to reproduce the pipeline
Copyright (c) 2026 Shehla Shah, Muhammad Adil, Tauseef Noor, Waqar Nawaz, Sohail Farooq, Muhammad Arif Afridi, Yasir Adnan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESTIMATING AND PROJECTING PAKISTAN’S POPULATION GROWTH: A LOG - LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL APPROACH WITH CONFIDENCE INTERVALS.
This study analyzes the long-term population growth of Pakistan using a log-linear regression model estimated through Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Annual population data are employed to capture the exponential growth pattern by modeling the natural logarithm of population as a function of time. The estimated time coefficient is positive and highly significant, confirming a persistent growth trend in Pakistan’s population. The model demonstrates an excellent fit, as reflected by a high coefficient of determination () and strong correlation between time and population. Diagnostic statistics, including the F-statistic and t-tests, indicate that the regression model and its parameters are statistically significant at the 1% level. Residual analysis further supports the adequacy of the model assumptions. Based on the estimated growth rate, population forecasts are generated for the period . The projections indicate continued population expansion, posing challenges related to resource allocation and urbanization. The findings highlight the effectiveness of log-linear regression for demographic forecasting. This study provides valuable evidence to support population planning and sustainable development policies in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zohaib Ali, Syeda Hira Fatima Naqvi, Muzaffar Hussain Laghari, Abdul Rafiu Alias Furkan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-MALARIAL COMPONENTS IN FRUIT SEEDS USING UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
This study evaluates the anti-oxidant as well as anti-malarial effects of bioactive constituents determined in various fruit seeds, particularly caper berry, garlic, almond, walnut, melon and watermelon collected from Taluka Faiz Ganj, District Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, Pakistan. Fruit seeds, which contain useful phytochemicals that could be used in the coordination of the circular economy, are typically discarded as agricultural waste. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to measure four main parameters: rutin, gallic acid, artemether, and quercetin. The maximum concentrations of all the chemicals under study were observed in walnut seeds including Rutin (20.20 mg/g), Gallic acid (2.06 mg/g), Artemether (3.09 mg/g), and Quercetin (20.61 mg/g). Melon as well as watermelon seeds also declared to be useful contributors of these bioactive components, with almonds possessing the minimum amounts. These results provide scientific support to the conventional therapeutic practice of these seeds and specify hopeful opportunities for changing agricultural byproducts into efficient food constituents, nutraceuticals, and medicines to address chronic illnesses and oxidative stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aijaz Ali Shar, Dr. Abdul Raheem Shar, Prof. Dr. Ghulam Qadir Shar, Seema Sarwar Ghumro, Ammat-ur-Rehman Soomro, Rabia Parveen Memon, Hajra Kharal, Sahib Ghanghro, Farzana Mangrio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE BRICKS UTILIZING INDUSTRIAL WASTE
The viability of clay bricks for construction applications is significantly influenced by their compressive strength and water absorption characteristics. This study evaluated the impact of various additives—including corncob ash (CCA), wheat husk ash (WHA), ceramic powder (CP), bagasse ash (BA), and rice husk ash (RHA)—on the mechanical and durability properties of clay bricks. The results indicated that although all bio-based ashes (CCA, WHA, BA, and RHA) contain silica, their effects on compressive strength vary due to differences in particle size, chemical composition, and interactions with the clay matrix. CCA exhibited a decreasing strength trend with increasing content, dropping from 14.27 MPa at 1.5% to 9.91 MPa at 12%, mainly due to increased porosity. WHA showed an initial increase in strength but declined at higher percentages, following a similar trend. In contrast, CP enhanced compressive strength at all levels, peaking at 15.27 MPa at 12%, attributed to its finer texture and ability to densify the brick matrix. BA and RHA followed a trend similar to that of CCA and WHA, in which strength increased slightly at lower percentages but decreased above 6%, primarily due to increased void formation. Water absorption analysis revealed that bio-based ashes increased porosity and water uptake, with CCA exhibiting the highest water absorption of 18.20% at 12%. WHA and BA exhibited similar patterns, resulting in increased permeability. Conversely, CP significantly reduced water absorption across all percentages, reaching a minimum of 8.13% at 1.5%, due to its ability to enhance particle packing and reduce voids. Overall, CP proved to be the most effective additive for improving strength and water resistance, while excessive amounts of bio-based ashes compromised the structural integrity of bricks. These findings provide insights into optimizing additive proportions for sustainable clay brick production while balancing mechanical performance and durability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Faraz Ahwaz, Khwaja Adeel Tariq, Muhammad Shoaib Ashraf, Syed Kamran Hussain Shah, Ahmad Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATED APPLICATION OF BIO-STIMULANTS AND PHOSPHORUS ENHANCES PHENOLOGY, GROWTH, AND YIELD OF MAIZE
Maize productivity is often constrained by suboptimal nutrient availability and poor early crop establishment, which can limit growth, reproductive development, and yield. This study investigated the effects of varying levels of bio-stimulants (0, 8, 10, and 12 L ha⁻¹) and phosphorus (0, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha⁻¹) on maize phenology, growth, and yield attributes at Charbagh Nursery Farm, Swabi, during Kharif 2024 using a randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replications. The results showed that both factors significantly influenced maize development, with notable interactions for several traits. Bio-stimulant application accelerated seed emergence, increased single leaf area, and enhanced plant height, while higher phosphorus levels improved leaf area and growth vigor. Tasseling and silking were delayed by bio-stimulants, allowing prolonged vegetative growth, with the combined application of 12 L ha⁻¹ bio-stimulant and 120 kg ha⁻¹ phosphorus producing the greatest delay. Grain yield components, including grains per ear and thousand-grain weight, as well as biological and grain yields, were significantly enhanced under higher levels of both factors, with the highest values recorded under combined application (408 grains ear⁻¹, 252.7 g thousand-grain weight, 12,958 kg ha⁻¹ biological yield, and 4,326 kg ha⁻¹ grain yield). Harvest index was also improved, reaching 41.6% under 10 L ha⁻¹ bio-stimulant × 90 kg ha⁻¹ phosphorus. In conclusion, integrating bio-stimulants with phosphorus at optimal levels enhances early crop establishment, promotes reproductive development, and maximizes maize yield, offering a practical strategy for sustainable intensification of maize production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saad Saud Jan, Prof. Dr. Abdul Basir, Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim, Majid Ali Jan, Rashid Ali Jan, Salman Khan, Muhammad Basit (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A HYBRID SCENARIO-BASED PROBABILISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR LONG-TERM ELECTRICITY DEMAND FORECASTING IN PAKISTAN (2025-2060)
Pakistan’s electricity sector faces chronic challenges, including a persistent supply demand gap, circular debt exceeding PKR 2.5 trillion, and the imperative to integrate variable renewable energy sources. Accurate long-term demand forecasting is critical for infrastructure planning; however, existing deterministic approaches consistently overestimate demand and do not account for structural changes, such as behind-the-meter (BTM) solar adoption and efficiency improvement. This study presents a hybrid scenario-based probabilistic forecasting framework that combines ensemble machine learning with Monte Carlo simulations to generate sector-wise electricity demand projections for Pakistan from 2025 to 2060. The framework decomposes demand into five sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and other) and evaluates six policy-relevant scenarios. Uncertainty was quantified using 2,000 Monte Carlo draws propagating parameter uncertainty from GDP growth, population dynamics, climate sensitivity, and model residuals. Under the Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario, the P50 demand reaches 185 TWh by 2030 (P10-P90:165-210 TWh), 295 TWh by 2040, 420 TWh by 2050, and 580 TWh by 2060. The High Solar/BTM scenario reduces grid demand by 15-22% relative to BAU by 2050, whereas the High Heat scenario increases peak demand by 12-18%. These probabilistic projections provide actionable inputs for Pakistan’s Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan (IGCEP), NEPRA regulatory planning, and Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments under the Paris Agreement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sher Muhammad Ghoto, Nadeem Ahmed Tunio, Saad Raza Malik, Huzaifa Aslam, Sajjad Bhangwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPUTATIONAL OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Social and economic development depends on sustainable energy as one of the important inputs. The demand of energy has therefore risen drastically due to the generalization of agricultural, industrial, and domestic activities, particularly in the emergent nations. This has translated to fast acceleration in the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and the rise in fuel prices that are the primary driving factor behind the push to harness renewable energy sources more optimally, i.e., the energy that is produced by natural resource and also naturally replenished. Although the benefits of renewable energy are apparent, it also has significant demerits, including the lack of consistency in production, since a majority of the renewable energy sources are climate-dependent, and that is why their utilization needs sophisticated design, planning, and optimization of control strategies. Fortunately, with the ever growing developments in computer hardware and software’s, researchers are getting access to these optimization problems through the use of computational resources, which is illustrated by the fact that there are many optimization methods that have been implemented in the renewable and sustainable energy sector. The paper provides an analysis of the latest state of the art in numerical optimization procedures used in renewable and sustainable energy, which can help to see the recent research developments in this area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahid Zahid, Ali Nawaz Sanjrani, Sadiq Ali Shah, Attaullah Narejo, Shah Dad Hasil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HYBRID IDENTITIES AS POLITICAL RESISTANCE: DECONSTRUCTING EAST–WEST DICHOTOMIES
Hybrid identities have emerged as a powerful form of political resistance in postcolonial societies, challenging rigid East–West binaries that have historically structured global power relations. Drawing on postcolonial theory, cultural studies, and South Asian intellectual traditions, this article examines hybridity as a dynamic process through which marginalized subjects negotiate, reinterpret, and subvert dominant cultural narratives. Focusing on the Pakistani context, the study argues that hybrid identities do not signify cultural loss or confusion but instead represent strategic forms of agency that contest colonial epistemologies and nationalist essentialism. By deconstructing East–West dichotomies, hybrid subjectivities create alternative spaces of belonging that disrupt hegemonic representations of culture, modernity, and tradition. The article demonstrates how hybridity operates across literature, language, politics, and everyday practices, functioning as both a site of tension and a resource for resistance. Ultimately, the study reframes hybridity as a critical tool for understanding contemporary political struggles in an increasingly interconnected yet unequal world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gulraiz Falak, Muhammad Rizwan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY OF THE LETTER X IN ENGLISH ORTHOGRAPHY
The letter \"X\" is examined linguistically as part of a functional analysis of the English writing system. Its absence, or presence, as a functionally contributive letter of the English writing system, and its rarity as a letter of the English language are examined through X's frequency, and through the analyses of the phonology, morphology and etymology. Phonological and corrosion analyses validate X's consonant cluster no unique shorthand for the English language's /ks/, /gz/ and /z/ sounds. X is morphologically inoperative, and its presence is more significant to the English system's Greek and Latin derived vocabulary. X is paradoxically and historically preserved in the English language alphabet due more its title as an English language letter, than as an English language functionally usable letter. Its primary preserved title in the English language is functionally preserved as a letter in a title, and its functionally unsymbolic attributes in a language of reference, are empty, and virtually nonlinguistic, as a letter to the English language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Faisal Muzaffar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF NEWTONIAN FLUIDS FLOW PHENOMENA THROUGH DIFFERENT RATIOS OF BACKWARD STEP DUCT
The COMSOL Multi Physics CFD package is chosen here to develop the numerical model called as Galerkin least square finite element method and compute the steady state solution of the governing equations such as continuity and momentum equations in Cartesian coordinates form. The Newtonian fluid transported into the backward step duct with different aspect ratios (1: 6 and 1: 12) and change in characteristics length to observe the streamline patterns of the velocity, vortex enhancement on the basis of fluid inertia and vortex intensity. The research problem has vast application in the field of industries particularly to design the shapes of the rectangular tanks and observe the flow phenomena either compressible (gases) or incompressible (liquids). The streamline patterns are observed on different Reynolds number (01 to 600) and various ratios (1:6 and 1:12) of the backward step duct. Two vortices primary (lower left corner) and secondary (upper right corner) are visualized at various Reynolds numbers. At low Reynolds number (01), only primary vortex observed at the left lower corner of the backward step duct in both ratios. But due to growing Reynolds number, the primary vortex is increased largely in size but the secondary vortex increased also but very slowly in size. The primary vortex size is highly observed in the left lower silent corner of the backward step duct in the ratio 1:12 other than the ratio 1:6. Also, vortex intensity and vortex lengths plots justified the same enhancement due to growing the Reynolds number. Further, computed the empirical equations on the vortex intensity with various Reynolds numbers. The numerical results are compared with the available mathematical solutions by the use of CFD packages such as Flow 3D, ANSYS and others.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mazhar Ali Sahito, Akhlaque Ahmed Abbasi, Murteza Hussain Shar, Raunaque Ali Rid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL INHIBITORS TARGETING MMP-9 AND IL-18 IN TAKAYASU ARTERITIS
Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is an autoimmune, inflammatory-driven, enduring, large-vessel vasculitis characterized by structural vascular stenosis and aneurysm formation. The major mediators of extracellular matrix breakdown and inflammatory signalling are matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-18 (IL-18); there is a lack of systematic assessment of phytochemicals as dual inhibitors of these factors. The aim of the study was to discover phytochemical inhibitors with a dual potential of MMP-9 and IL-18, with strong binding capacity and pharmacokinetic viability to be used as a prospective therapeutic agent in TAK. A total of sixteen bioactive phytochemicals were obtained from PubChem and evaluated in silico. High-resolution crystal structures of MMP-9 (PDB: 1L6J) and IL-18 (PDB: 2VXT) were used in molecular docking. Docking identified seven top-ranking compounds, demonstrating consistently high binding affinities across both targets, stabilized through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and π-stacking within structurally relevant pockets. SwissADME profiling has shown favourable pharmacokinetics of conformity to Lipinski Rule of Five and high gastrointestinal absorption and appropriate bioavailability, which favour their drug-likeness. The occupancy of ligands in the functional binding cavities was confirmed by CASTp analysis. These results suggest that quercetin and luteolin might be considered as possible dual-target drugs, capable of curing inflammatory signalling and extra-cellular matrix remodelling during TAK. Future research can confirm the efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and safety of these phytochemicals in vitro and in vivo and develop them as potential therapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehwish Majeed, Alina Sehar, Rabia Sajid, Muhammad Zurgham Akram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DYNAMIC SUPER FRAME ADJUSTMENT FOR DELAY MITIGATION IN IEEE 802.15.4 CLUSTER-TREE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
The standard IEEE 802.15.4 is the most popular standard covering the use of Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), which is mostly aimed at helping to deliver low data rates, low power Utilization, and affordable communication. Despite these, the standard has a fixed duty-cycle scheme that can cause latency and low throughput, especially in cluster-tree and multi-hop network architectures. To overcome these constraints, a dynamic delay-mitigation algorithm is proposed in this paper to adaptively adjust the super frame structure. The suggested method allows the PAN coordinator to make a Super frame Order (SO) of cluster heads dynamically, depending on the real-time network parameters such as the ratio of packet reception, traffic load, data rate, number of active nodes, and delay observed. Much simulation evidence indicates that the proposed scheme leads to significantly better network performance than the standard IEEE 802.15.4 protocol in terms of end-to-end interruption, packet delivery ratio, and throughput.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salman Ali khan, Aqib Mehmood, Attiq Ullah, Muhammad Ghaos Baksh UVES, Hamail Raza Zaidi, Aziz khan, Mubashir Zainoor, Waqas Ahmad, Muhammad Adil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN POTABLE WATER OF COASTAL AREA OF TALUKA JATI, SINDH, PAKISTAN
This study evaluates the level in mg/L and health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water across several sampling sites from coastal area of Taluka Jati (JT-50 to JT-84). The ranges of Heavy metals were observed as Cd (0.001 - 0.012), Cr (0.03 - 0.06), Cu (0.01 - 0.05), Co (0.03 - 0.18), Mn (0.00 - 0.50), Fe (0.09 - 0.26), Ni (0.01 - 0.04), Zn (0.01 - 0.05), Na (118.0 - 279.0), Ca (23.2 - 97.1), Mg (23.67 - 81.67) and K (1.53 - 6.43) mg/L. The assessment also focused on the Average Daily Dose (ADD), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Total Cancer Risk (TCR) for metals including Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn). The results indicated that the cumulative non-carcinogenic risk, represented by the Hazard Index (HI), exceeded the safety threshold of 1.0 at multiple locations, with the highest values observed at sites JT-76 (1.260) and JT-59 (1.240). Furthermore, the Total Cancer Risk (TCR) for almost all sites fell within the range of 10-4 to 10-3, which exceeds the USEPA's generally acceptable risk limit of 1×10-4. Chromium and Nickel were identified as the primary contributors to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. These findings suggest that the drinking water in the studied areas poses a significant health threat to the local population, necessitating immediate environmental intervention and water quality management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Abdul Raheem Shar, Prof. Dr. Ghulam Qadir Shar, Rabia Parveen Memon, Ammat - ur - Rehman Soomro, Dr. Liaquat Ali Shar, Seema Sarwar Ghumro, Farzana Mangrio, Sahib Ghanghro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS ACROSS DATASET FAMILIES
The available surveys in the field of intrusion detection are generally not comprehensive with some of the recent developments either underrepresented or even not mentioned. A major weakness of the previous studies is that the publications contain weaknesses like old sources, inadequate graphics, insufficient area of application, and lack of recommendations that can be applied by researchers and practitioners. Our approach to reviewing the literature is novel as it has a dataset-focused viewpoint, where we analyze in a systematic way the progress of benchmark datasets, starting with DARPA98 (approximately 90 percent accuracy using statistical anomaly detection) and KDD'99 (91-92 percent accuracy using SVMs and Neural Networks) and progressing to NSL-KDD (93-95 percent accuracy with Deep Belief Networks and LSTMs) and CICIDS2017 (94-95.1 percent accuracy using Random We also expand our discussion to newly created datasets of IoT of the Bot-IoT which present deep learning methods with more than 96 accuracy with reduced attack diversity. In contrast to previous surveys, our review does not just report on such performance benchmarks, but also critically assesses the merits and limitations of each dataset, realistic trade-offs, presents bias and fairness considerations, and comments on cross-domain generalizability across dataset families. This review will fill the gap between historical and modern research on IDS by synthesizing the results of both studies and providing a more practical and broad-based resource to junior researchers and practitioners by including findings based on accuracy and statistical analysis, informative plots, and recommendations that are easy to implement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizwan Hameed, Shanza Latif, Abdul Wassay, Faisal Rehman, Khurram Amin, Ali Danyal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AUTOMATED CORN LEAF DISEASE DETECTION USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS
The detection of plant diseases is essential for ensuring sustainable crop production and preventing yield losses. In recent years, gadgets gaining knowledge of strategies have shown amazing promise for automatic and accurate disorder detection. These studies give a technique for corn plant disease detection using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The proposed method harnesses the strength of deep mastering to routinely learn discriminative functions from corn plant snapshots, enabling accurate sickness categories. A complete dataset of categorized corn plant photos, protecting diverse diseases and wholesome conditions, is used for schooling the CNN version. Sizeable experiments reveal the effectiveness of the CNN-primarily based technique, accomplishing high accuracy costs in identifying corn plant illnesses. The proposed technique holds extensive capability for supporting farmers. Within the early detection and analysis of corn plant diseases, aiding in powerful disease control and advanced crop yield.
Copyright (c) 2026 Faria Naz, Saira Aslam, Ahmer Hassan, Arhama Ansari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSOCIATION OF PES PLANUS WITH GENU VALGUM IN THE ADULT POPULATION OF KARACHI
Background: Pes planus (flat foot) along with genu valgum (knock knees) represent frequent musculoskeletal deformities that may greatly affect lower limb mechanics as well as general quality of life. These conditions are researched on occasions in some pediatric populations. Few details are known about their relation with young adults. To make decent management systems, you have to understand how the link is made. Objective: To determine the association of pes planus with genu valgum in adult population of Karachi. Methodology: This current study is a cross-sectional one with 207 participants aged 18-26 at Bahria University Health Sciences Campus, Jinnah Sindh Medical University and Ziauddin University. The wet footprint test was used to widely categorize the foot arch type and the Q angle at the knee joint was likewise measured using a goniometer. Statistical analysis was then fully done in order to fully compare pes planus with genu valgum by using chi square test. Results: The research showed for a clear link between flat feet and into knock knees. Notably, full correlation of 81.8% was observed in patients through right foot pes planus who had unilateral as well as bilateral genu valgum; for cases through bilateral pes planus 63.6% (p = 0.029 and p = 0.047 respectively). Conclusion: These results suggest a link between flat feet and knock knees in young adults, implying that pes planus can worsen knee alignment problems. These results underscore the importance of early identification. They also underscore the importance of intervention for people susceptible to developing these conditions.Targeted strategies, like orthotic control along with physical therapy, might improve results as well as increase general lower limb health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Komal Jamil, Muhammad Abdullah Siddiqui, Mubashir Hanif, Mubarra Jabeen, Misbah Shaikh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A HIGH-EFFICIENCY ELECTRIC SCOOTER FOR URBAN MOBILITY
Electric vehicles, especially electric scooters, are increasingly being adopted in cities as people look for cleaner and more efficient transportation options. This paper focuses on the design and development of an electric scooter that provides a useful, economical and sustainable solution for daily urban travelling. The design process started with an analysis of user needs and market trends, followed by a review of the latest advancements in areas such as motor efficiency, battery performance and lightweight structural materials. Based on this study, a detailed design specification was prepared, addressing important factors like top speed, travel distance, cost and also safety. While during the development phase several prototype models were built and tested to analyze performance and reliability. With the helped of these tests the design of electrical scooters was improved and ensure compliance with safety and regulatory standards. The final design combines key parts such as a brushless DC motor, a regenerative braking system, and a high-capacity lithium-ion battery pack. Extra features, like energy monitoring and smart connectivity were also included to make it easier for users. Sustainability remained a major focus in the paper with efforts made to minimize energy-efficient components and environmental impact by using recyclable materials. overall the designed electric scooter introduces a durable alternative to usual petrol diesel based vehicles for nearby travel distance
Copyright (c) 2025 Muiz Asghar, Amna Hafeez, Shoukat Ali Noonari, Sagheer Ahmed, Aziz ur Rehman, Faiza Anam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NOVEL APPROACH FOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF HIGH-SPEED TRAIN BEARINGS USING TRANSFORMER MODELS OPTIMIZED BY AQUILA OPTIMIZER AND LIGHT GRADIENT BOOSTING MACHINE
High-speed train bearing fault diagnosis is crucial for rail system safety and reliability. Traditional methods like vibration analysis often suffer from low accuracy and long processing times. This paper introduces an advanced diagnostic approach using Improved Aquila Optimizer (IAO) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (Light GBM) combined with Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technology. The Aquila Optimizer was enhanced with opposition-based learning and Nelder-Mead search methods to optimize Light-GBM parameters. Various detailed bearing fault types, including Inner and outer race scratch and wear, roller ring failures, cage and compound faults, were analyzed. LIF technology captured spectral images, and multivariate scattering correction (MSC) and normalization prepared the fluorescence curves. Kernel-based principal component analysis (KPCA) reduced data dimensionality, which was then used to train the Light-GBM model. The IAO optimized the model, demonstrating superior convergence and prediction accuracy compared to particle swarm optimization and the original Aquila Optimizer. The MSC-IAO-Light GBM model achieved the best fault prediction results, with an MSE of 7.0521 × 10-9, a MAE of 5.451 × 10-2, and R² approaching 1. This method offers a novel approach for high-speed train bearing fault detection, enhancing rail system stability and safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ali Nawaz Sanjrani, Asad Raza, Nouman Qadeer Soomro, Zahid, Attaullah Narejo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENETIC VARIATION IN INNATE IMMUNE GENES SHAPES GUT MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS: A REVIEW
The gut microbiota is a critical determinant of host immune, metabolic, and epithelial homeostasis, yet the host genetic factors governing inter-individual variation in microbial composition remain incompletely defined. Beyond environmental influences, genetic variation in innate immune pathways has emerged as a key regulator of host-microbiome interactions. Variants in pattern recognition receptors, inflammasome components, antimicrobial peptide genes, and immune-regulatory cytokines modulate microbial sensing, antimicrobial defense, inflammatory tone, and barrier integrity, thereby exerting selective pressures on gut microbial communities. This review systematically synthesizes evidence from human genome-microbiome association studies, twin cohorts, population-based analyses, and mechanistic experimental models to delineate how genetic variation in innate immune genes shapes gut microbiota composition and function. We focus on major innate pathways, including Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, inflammasomes, defensins, and cytokine signaling networks, and summarize their documented effects on microbial diversity, taxonomic structure, and disease-associated dysbiosis. Key methodological challenges such as small genetic effect sizes, environmental confounding, population specificity, and limited causal inference are critically evaluated. Finally, we outline future directions emphasizing longitudinal study designs, multi-omics integration, functional validation, and genotype-stratified interventions. Elucidating innate immune genetic control of the gut microbiota will be essential for advancing precision microbiome medicine and for developing targeted therapeutic strategies for inflammatory, metabolic, and immune-mediated diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehwish Majeed, Rabia Sajid, Alina Sehar, Muhammad Zurgham Akram (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL THIAZOLE-SUBSTITUTED COUMARIN DERIVATIVES: EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES
Novel thiazole-substituted coumarin derivatives (C₁₇H₁₁N₁O₃S) were successfully synthesized via a two-step procedure involving Pechmann condensation followed by thiazole ring formation. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA analyses. FTIR spectra indicated characteristic functional groups of the coumarin and thiazole moieties, while XRD patterns revealed a semi-crystalline nature. SEM images showed irregular aggregated particles with heterogeneous surface morphology, and TGA demonstrated good thermal stability with major decomposition between 250–400 °C. The derivatives exhibited significant biological activity, displaying concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS assays, with IC₅₀ values comparable to ascorbic acid. Additionally, the compounds showed promising anticancer potential against MCF-7, A549, and HeLa cell lines, with IC₅₀ values as low as 18.5 µM. The combined structural, physicochemical, and biological data suggest that these coumarin–thiazole hybrids are potent multifunctional candidates with potential applications as antioxidant and anticancer agents. The results indicated that the synthesized thiazole-substituted coumarin derivatives exhibited significant antioxidant and promising anticancer activities, suggesting their potential as lead compounds for pharmaceutical development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khitab Ur Rahman, Atif Ahmad, Anam, Sakina, Waqar Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING THROUGH SCENARIO-BASED REQUIREMENTS VALIDATION: A METRICS-DRIVEN APPROACH
The total and the full traceability of the Software Requirements Specifications (SRS) has been an old issue in the field of software engineering and may lead to project postponement, cost escalation and system failure. Manual validation is less labour intensive, less consistent in projects, and more likely to contain errors compared to traditional validation techniques. The research is carried out in a formal metrics based framework of scenario based requirements validation which is supposed to provide a rigorous, reproducible and automated method of determining the quality of SRS. Six new quantitative measures in the form of Requirements-Scenarios Traceability Index (RSTI), Unlinked Requirements Percentage (URP), Scenario coverage Ratio (SCR), Scenario Completeness Score(SCS), Scenario similarity Index (SSI) and Scenario-Requirements Ratio (SRR) are proposed to quantitatively measure completeness and traceability. The similarity analysis of semantics and the hybrid validation systems are included in the framework too to ensure that coverage is maximized. The empirical results of 547 pairs of requirement-scenario, five industrial domains showed that there were significant enhancements and are the 96.7 percent accuracy of validation, the 84 percent less processing time and the 85 percent less validation cost. Stakeholder feedback also supported high usability and intent to adopt by supporting the claim that the effect would enable the possibility of the framework to convert requirements validation into an automated, scalable and reliable engineering process that previously represented a manual engineering process and was liable to error. The metrics-based solution resolves the possibility to contribute to the research community of software engineering and requirements engineering by the research article that is a contribution to the researcher community, which can be utilized to bridge the gap between the academic creativity and the practice in the industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Massan, Muhammad Saleh Shah, Maheen Danish, Rabia Ali Khan, Ayesha Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF ILIOTIBIAL BAND STRETCHING VERSUS MYOFASCIAL RELEASE TECHNIQUE ON KNEE PAIN, PHYSICAL FUNCTION, AND QUALITY OF MOVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH LATERAL PATELLAR TRACKING DISORDER
Background: Lateral Patellar Tracking Disorder (LPTD) is one of the common biomechanical problems of the knee joint. However, there is still a scarcity of evidence regarding the effects of physiotherapy therefore this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Iliotibial Band (ITB) Stretching versus ITB Myofascial Release Technique (MFRT) on knee pain, physical function and quality of movement in patients with LPTD. Methodology: A two-arm, parallel group design, Randomized Controlled Trial was conducted on patients suffering from LPTD. Patients aged between 25-55 years and radiograph findings with lateral tracking of patella were enrolled. A sample size of 40 participants who met eligibility criteria were assigned into Group A= ITB Stretching (n=20) and Group B=ITB MFRT (n=20) using simple random sampling. Treatment protocol was followed as one session per day for 2 weeks. Data was collected using valid tools i.e., Numeric Pain Rating Scale was used to assess Knee pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index was used to measure physical function and Lateral Step-Down Test for Quality of Movement. Data was analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 23.0. Paired sample t-test was run for within-group analysis and independent sample t-test was used for between-groups analysis. P-value <0.05 were considered as significant at 95% CI. Results: The pre-post analysis of both the groups showed statistically significant reduction in knee pain, improvement in physical function, and quality of movement at p-value <0.01. The mean post-post score of pain, physical function and quality of movement of Group A was 2.2, 25.3 and 1.2 respectively and whereas for Group B was 2.4, 25.3 and 24.1 respectively, showed no statistically significant difference between studied groups at p-value p>0.05. Conclusion: ITB Stretching and MFRT both are effective treatment strategies in reducing knee pain, improving physical function, and quality of movement in patients with LPTD.
Copyright (c) 2026 Basma Gul, Hajra Ameer Shaikh, Muhammad Amir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCED HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS INTEGRATING BATTERIES, SUPERCAPACITORS, AND PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE POWER CONVERSION AND EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION
The global transition toward sustainable energy demands efficient and reliable power conversion systems. Conventional energy storage technologies struggle to meet dynamic load requirements and intermittency issues associated with renewable sources. This study proposes an advanced hybrid energy storage system that integrates batteries, supercapacitors, and photovoltaic devices into a unified architecture. The objective is to enhance energy efficiency, system stability, and power delivery performance. Photovoltaic devices serve as the primary renewable energy source. However, their output fluctuates due to environmental conditions. Batteries provide high energy density and ensure long-term energy availability. Supercapacitors complement batteries by offering high power density and rapid charge–discharge capability. The coordinated integration of these components creates a balanced system that addresses both energy and power demands. A novel energy management strategy is introduced to control power flow among the subsystems. The strategy prioritizes photovoltaic utilization while minimizing battery stress. Supercapacitors handle transient loads and peak power demands. This approach reduces energy losses and extends battery lifespan. System efficiency is further improved through optimized power conversion techniques. Simulation-based analysis demonstrates improved voltage stability, faster dynamic response, and reduced conversion losses compared to conventional single-storage systems. The hybrid configuration shows superior adaptability under varying load and irradiation conditions. Results confirm that the proposed system achieves higher efficiency and operational reliability. The findings highlight the potential of hybrid energy storage systems for sustainable power applications. Such systems are suitable for smart grids, electric vehicles, and standalone renewable installations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sohaib Khan, Sidra Parveen, Muhammad Azam Shani, Amama Sattar, Shaheen Irfan, Muhammad Arslan Haider Shah, Javed Karim, Iftekhar Majeed, Muhammad Deebaj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF JOB CRAFTING: INSIGHTS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
The purpose of this study was to determine and unleash the potential of job crafting. The study required consideration of elements such as work-life balance, job autonomy, or work flourishing that may impact the balance between professional and personal life. Consequently, the following areas were investigated: areas of job crafting, the work that respondents have done and would like to do, and their involvement in job crafting. Two aspects of job crafting were the focus of the study: changing job activities by employees to increase structural job resources, decrease limiting job demands, increase social job resources, and increase challenging job demands. In addition to a thorough literature study, the research comprised a survey, questionnaires, conversations, and an examination of working circumstances. The 210 employees’ valid responses were examined. Using PLS-SEM, we evaluate the suggested theoretical model. It was found that workers in established companies could recognize opportunities for job crafting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zunaira Najam, Muhammad Rafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BEYOND GRADES: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON ACADEMIC WRITING AND STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN BAHAWALPUR
The rapid proliferation of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has fundamentally altered the landscape of English Language Teaching (ELT) and academic writing in higher education. This study investigates the impact of AI tools on the academic writing practices and student engagement of undergraduate students at Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Bahawalpur, South Punjab, Pakistan. Moving beyond grades, the research explores how these technologies influence critical thinking, learner autonomy, and the writing process itself. Grounded in Sociocultural Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of 350 undergraduate students from The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB) and Government Sadiq College Women University (GSCWU), followed by semi-structured interviews with 15 students and 5 faculty members. Findings indicate that while AI tools significantly enhance writing self-efficacy and linguistic accuracy, they present a paradox for engagement. They facilitate micro-scaffolding of language skills but pose risks of cognitive disengagement and over-reliance. The study concludes with pedagogical implications for integrating AI into the Pakistani undergraduate curriculum to foster ethical, autonomous, and critical writing practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Aslam Khan, Tanveer Ahmed, Azuba Afzal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION IN RELATION TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVOIRONMENT
Air pollution has emerged as a critical global threat to public health and the environment. Major pollutants like PM2.5, O3, NO2, and SO2 contribute to respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases, affecting over 92% of the world’s population. Children are especially vulnerable, with pollution linked to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Anthropogenic activities such as vehicle emissions, power plants, and industrial processes are the major sources of air pollution, releasing harmful pollutants that impact human health and the environment. Both indoor and outdoor pollution contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, especially among vulnerable populations like children and workers. Long-term exposure to fine particles significantly increases the risk of chronic respiratory diseases like COPD and cardiovascular conditions such as ischemic heart disease. Air pollution causes climate change, acid rain, ecosystem degradation, ozone depletion, and biodiversity loss by damaging air, water, soil, and living organisms. These impacts threaten ecosystem services and global environmental health, necessitating urgent pollution control measures. Maximizing success in addressing atmospheric change and environmental degradation requires increasing public awareness, training, and engagement. A global preventative program and sustainable development strategies are essential to counteract anthropogenic air pollution and manage its health impacts. International cooperation in policy, administration, monitoring, and research is crucial, alongside advancing and synchronizing air pollution laws. Focusing on local frameworks to promote knowledge and practice can support the creation of effective global regulations for sustainable ecosystem management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kainat Safdar, Maria Abdullah Butt, Nimra Batool, Sumaira Kanwal, Iram Batool, Kashmala Yousaf, Maria Anwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFAS) AND DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN SOKOTO, NIGERIA
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and depression among adolescents attending Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Kware, Sokoto, Nigeria. Sixty participants were randomly selected and their dietary habits were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Depression scores were evaluated using a standardized tool. Results showed that participants had low levels of PUFAs, and the common diets include palm oil being the lowest (1.65 ± 0.71%) content of PUFAs and coconut having the highest concentration (22.3 ± 8.6%). The prevalence of depression was high among participants, and it was linked to lower levels of PUFAs. The study suggests that poor dietary habits, particularly low intake of PUFAs, may contribute to depression among adolescents in Sokoto, Nigeria. This signifies the need for health education, counseling, and awareness regarding healthy dietary habits especially in adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2026 A.I. Umar, U. Abdussalam, Yusuf Yahaya Miya, Bello Buhari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0